Faezeh Jamalizadeh; Mahdi Ghasemi-Varnamkhasti; Mehdi Ghasemi Nafchi; Mojtaba Tohidi; Majid Dowlati
Abstract
Introduction: Spices are the most valuable medicinal plants used in food and medical science industries and due to quality and price diversity between various species, distinction, classification and separation of them based on purity and quality degree have great importance. Spices are produced in different ...
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Introduction: Spices are the most valuable medicinal plants used in food and medical science industries and due to quality and price diversity between various species, distinction, classification and separation of them based on purity and quality degree have great importance. Spices are produced in different countries, including India, Pakistan, China, and East and South Asian countries. The difference in the percentage of aromatic compounds in various types of spices from different regions has led to a distinction between spices. Also, profitable individuals for economic purposes and more profit without regard to the general health of the community will lead to the creation of adulteration in different types of spices. The most important of these adulterations is the addition of volatile ingredients such as cubeb pepper and palm kernel powder in black pepper. Materials and Methods: In this study, an olfactory machine system based on eight metal oxide semiconductor sensors in combination with pattern recognition methods were used to classify and separate of black pepper samples based on geographic origin and also to detect cubeb pepper adulteration and palm kernel powder. The adulterated black pepper samples were tested with different adulteration levels (10, 20 and 30%).The fractional method was used to improve and optimize the electronic nose output signals before entering diagnostic methods. In order to analyze the extracted data from the sensor response signal, the principal component analysis method (PCA) was used. Based on the results, PCA with two main components of 96% for black pepper and 95% of cubeb pepper and palm kernel adulteration can be described from the variance of data. Also, three methods of linear separation analysis (LDA), Support vector machine (SVM) and decision tree (DT) were used to classify the samples. The use of the LDA method for black pepper showed a classification precision of 100%, and for adulterations, accuracy was 97.14%. Results and Discussion: The results showed that SVM with Gaussian function has the highest accuracy in classifying black pepper samples, cubeb pepper, and palm kernel adulteration Also, the success rate of the DT method in separating and categorizing black pepper, cubeb pepper, and palm kernel was 96.66% and 88.5% respectively.According to the results obtained, the machine olfaction system in combination with pattern recognition methods has the ability to detect and classify different black pepper samples from different geographical origin and the lowest level of adulteration.
Hossein Javadi kia; Mahdi Ghasemi-Varnamkhasti; Sajad Sabzi
Abstract
Introduction: Nowadays, with the development of imaging systems and image processing algorithms, a new branch of agriculture and food industry quality control has emerged. Meat and related products have high commercial value and they are one of the most important items of household food basket (Jackman ...
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Introduction: Nowadays, with the development of imaging systems and image processing algorithms, a new branch of agriculture and food industry quality control has emerged. Meat and related products have high commercial value and they are one of the most important items of household food basket (Jackman et al., 2011). The apparent color of the meat is one of the most important ranking factors which determines the quality and marketing value (Ramirez and Cava, 2007; Shiranita et al., 2000). There is a relationship between color, appearance etc. and the shelf-life of meat, since the passing time causes the color to be darkened in meat due to chemical reactions and shrinkage occures Therefore, determining the storage time is important in terms of quality and marketing value (Jackman et al., 2011; Tan, 2004). In recent years, virtual image on a computer as a helpful suggestion for meat grading has been emerged. Various studies have been conducted in the field and results in a number of applications suggests that the color image processing method for assessing the quality of meat is important (Girolami et al., 2013; Mancini and Hunt, 2005; Lu et al., 2000). Due to the importance of detection of freshness veal in order to preserving the quality and post ponding the meat spoilage and disease accordingly, designing a device to detect the storage time of slaughter and in other words the freshness of veal using image processing and response surface method was studied. For this purpose, two common environment and standard maintenance of fresh meat: first in the refrigerator with an average temperature of 3°C and second in cool place with a temperature of 8°C were considered and then the effects of storage time on the meat quality was observed using a digital camera Some common models were developed for image processing and the response surface method was applied.
Materials and methods: First, some meat from three sections of veal meat: hands, feet and neck, were prepared from Kermanshah slaughterhouse and the slaughtered time was recorded as an initial time. From each of the six states in total, 18 samples were taken appropriate to the thickness of one centimeter. Samples were randomly selected for inclusion in the standard conditions (ISIRI 692).
Image processing:
More than 600 images were acquired at various storage times and they were then evaluated to find the appropriate separation methods for meat from image background. The best way to separating the meat image from the background in the image was using the RGB color and the B space values with 150 value as the threshold. In other words, the exact coordinates of meat pixels were obtained. Then background isolated by edge detection with Cany filter with coefficient of 0.7. Finally meat image was isolated from background. Then various parameters of meat image were extracted. The number of parameters were more than 50 parameters. Then sensitivity analysis were selected as three parameters: Contrast, Roughness, and Texture that had more influence on time change from the moment of slaughter and were selected as appropriate inputs of models.
Modeling by Response Surface Method:
In this method, selected parameters were used as inputs and the time of slaughter in minutes, was used as output of the model. Because of the more difference of the values of various parameters from each other, all data were normalized. Generally due to the three organs of veal and two different environments to maintain, six models in the Software Design Expert 7.0 were designed and optimized using response surface methods. In the next step, data samples at ambient temperature as well as refrigerated samples were modeled.
Results and discussion: The results of the models by the response surface methods were good and acceptable. In the final step the general models were good; these models were about all of data in environment and refrigerator.
Conclusion: In this study, considering the importance of using fresh meat calves by people as well as processing plants, some algorithms were designed and developed to estimate the pasted time of the calf slaughtered. For this purpose Samples were prepared from three parts of slaughtered calves: ham, shoulder and neck. The samples were stored in the environment and common standards place the first in refrigerator with a temperature of 3 ° C and another in cool environment with an average temperature of 8 ° C. Then some images were taken from samples at specified times. Then some parameters were extracted from images produced by the image processing in MATLAB. Then by response surface method was designed and optimized. Suitable models and finaly suggested device has ability to estimate the time of slaughter by taking image.
